Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89]
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Source Note
Revelation, , Geauga Co., OH, 27 Feb. 1833. Featured version, titled “A Word of Wisdom,” copied [ca. June 1833] in Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, [113]–[115]; handwriting of ; Revelations Collection, CHL. Includes archival marking.Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, [ca. June 1831–ca. June 1833]; handwriting of ; 116 pages; Revelations Collection, CHL. Includes archival marking.Each leaf measures 6⅛ × 3⅝ inches (16 × 9 cm); the notebook, which contains copies of revelations and miscellaneous notes, measures 6¼ × 4 × ⅜ inches (16 × 10 × 1 cm).Following ’s death in June 1834, it appears that the Gilbert notebook transferred to the custody of the Rollins family—early members of the church in . Descendants donated the notebook to the Church Historian’s Office sometime in the mid-twentieth century.
Footnotes
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Historical Introduction
While no contemporaneous sources describing the circumstances under which JS dictated this 27 February 1833 revelation have been located, later accounts indicate that it was recorded in connection with the activities of the . According to , heavy tobacco use—in the form of both smoking and chewing—among members of the school, combined with ’s and others’ complaints about cleaning tobacco juice from the floor, led JS “to inquire of the Lord with regard to use of tobacco” and “to the conduct of the with this particular practice.” This revelation—composed largely of warnings and counsel regarding not only the use of tobacco, but also the consumption of various foods, “hot drinks,” wine, and “Strong drinks”—was the result of his inquiries. Known among church members as the “Word of Wisdom,” referring to the opening phrase of the text, the revelation was evidently recorded in JS’s translating room in ’s . , who was present, recalled JS coming out of his translation room and reading the revelation to over twenty members of the school then in attendance. added that the revelation was given in the evening.At the time this revelation was dictated, the temperance movement, as well as other dietary reform movements, was beginning to factor more prominently in American culture. Initially fueled by concerns about the physiological effects of alcohol, calls for more moderate, or temperate, use of alcohol, and even for complete abstinence, had become increasingly identified with Christian reform movements by this time and had resulted in the formation of thousands of temperance societies throughout the . In , Ohio, the Kirtland Temperance Society, whose founding constitution boasted 239 signatories, held its first annual meeting on 6 October 1830, shortly before Mormon missionaries arrived in the area from . The society continued for five years, during which time a distillery at Kirtland and two in , Ohio, evidently closed for want of patronage. According to one reminiscent account, the society disbanded after many of the temperance workers moved away as the Mormon population in the area grew, suggesting that Mormon involvement with the society was limited.Arguments against the use of alcohol and other items, including tea, coffee, and tobacco, could be found in the religious, medical, and popular publications of the time, while arguments promoting the health value of other foods and drinks were also prevalent in the period’s literature. In January and February 1833, JS himself was subscribing to the American Revivalist, and Rochester Observer, an evangelical weekly that regularly published articles on temperance.The contents of this revelation appear to have been available to many church members within months after its recording. made a private copy probably sometime in the summer of 1833 in , while copied the revelation in the back of his personal copy of the Book of Commandments, probably before September 1835—when the Doctrine and Covenants, which contained this revelation, became available. It was also printed as a broadsheet around January 1834 in . Charges against church members in and for disobeying some of the revelation’s instruction surfaced in February 1834, within a year of the revelation’s dictation, while local church conferences as far away as and were referencing the revelation by summer 1834. published the revelation in his book Mormonism Unvailed in 1834.Among the members of the there was apparently some question as to what the revelation meant by “hot drinks,” prompting JS and , according to one reminiscent account, to explicitly identify coffee and tea at a meeting in in July 1833 as the “hot drinks” prohibited by the revelation. Similarly, opinions on how strictly the revelation’s instructions were to be followed appear to have differed among church members, probably as a result of the revelation’s opening statement that the Word of Wisdom was given “for the benefit” of church members, “not by commandment or Constraint.” Possibly complicating the situation were the different ways this statement was presented. With one possible exception, the earliest manuscript versions of this revelation present the opening statement as part of the revelation, as do the printed broadsheet and ’s Mormonism Unvailed. In the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, however, the opening paragraph appears as an italicized heading, allowing for the later interpretation that it was an introductory statement rather than part of the revelation proper and that, therefore, it was JS or one of his scribes, not God, who said the revelation was not a .In any event, the degree to which church members felt obligated to follow the revelation’s instructions varied. Some, like , , and , chose to abstain from tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcohol almost immediately; others, like JS’s wife , who offered weary travelers tea and coffee upon their arrival in in May 1833, apparently felt that using at least some of the items listed in the revelation was acceptable under some circumstances. A May 1835 letter from to his wife, —in which he spoke about the “sameness” of the Kirtland church members as they “drink cold water; and don’t even mention tea and Coffee”—suggests the revelation was more universally understood among church members by that time, although many exceptions continue to appear in the historical record.Many church members, for instance, apparently felt that it was acceptable for tea or alcohol to be taken medicinally. may have offered tea and coffee to new arrivals with this idea in mind; JS’s administering whiskey in June 1834 to , who was suffering from cholera, almost certainly reflected such an interpretation. In spite of JS’s acquiescence with this practice, not everyone agreed with it. On 4 December 1836, for example, at the instigation of , a meeting of church members in voted unanimously to “discountenance the use intirely of all liquors from the Church in Sickness & in health.” Over the ensuing years, nevertheless, various church members, including JS, continued to allow for the use of these drinks in cases of sickness.JS and many others also allowed for a relaxed standard in adhering to the revelation’s instructions during times of unusual difficulty and hardship. While overseeing a mass exodus of church members from in spring 1838, for example, the drew up a “constitution” charging leaders to see that “the word of wisdom [was] heeded”—that is, that “no tobacco, tea, coffee, snuff nor ardent spirits of any kind, [were] taken internally.” , however, speaking a few days later, advised those leaving Kirtland “not to be too particular in regard to the word of wisdom,” though subsequent events suggest his counsel was largely ignored. Following the collective trauma of the forced exodus from in winter 1838–1839, the prohibitions of the Word of Wisdom generally received less emphasis than they had earlier. , in a reminiscent account, reported that JS told church members suffering from malaria in early to “make tea and drink it” when the river water was unsuitable for drinking and that he “often made tea and administered it with his own hands.” Perhaps the best illustration of a more relaxed position regarding the Word of Wisdom in times of stress is ’s account of events leading to JS’s death at , Illinois, in June 1844, in which he noted that JS and his companions, who were feeling “unusually dull and languid” after several days of incarceration, drank some wine to raise their spirits.In accordance with the revelation’s provision that homemade wine could be taken when church members met “to offer up [their] sacrament” before God, church members continued to use wine, generally fermented, in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper. This same provision, coupled with the understanding that a sacrament was something “having a sacred character or function,” probably accounts for the times JS and others drank wine on several other occasions as well, including at the School of the Prophets, in various meetings held in the , and at weddings. By the era, JS was more frequently making exceptions to the general observance of the Word of Wisdom that were not linked with health issues, hardship, or sacred functions, possibly indicating a more relaxed attitude on his part toward things like tea and wine. JS’s journal for 11 March 1843, for example, indicates that he “had tea with his breakfast.” Two months later, on 3 May 1843, JS “drank a glass of wine with Sister Richards. of her Mothe[r]’s make, in England.” A year after that, JS “drank a glass of beer at Moissers [’s].”Only a few weeks prior to his death, JS seemed to reference the Word of Wisdom while counseling those who would be leaving to serve electioneering missions for his presidential campaign. At least in regard to alcohol, JS inveighed against drunkenness rather than just occasional consumption, which reflected his own actions in relation to alcohol. He informed the men that “we should never indulge our appetites to injure our influence, or wound the feelings of friends, or cause the spirit of the Lord to leave us. There is no excuse for any man to drink and get drunk in the church of Christ, or gratify any appetite, or lust, contrary to the principles of righteousness.” JS further instructed the men “on the principles of sobriety, and every thing pertaining to godliness at considerable length & concluded by remarking that it is best to run on a long race and be careful to keep good wind &c.”Though the revelation instructed that meat was “to be used sparingly,” church members appear to have placed very little emphasis on that counsel, perhaps because this portion was rarely referenced by church leaders. Journals, reminiscences, and other personal records of the time that discuss specific provisions of the Word of Wisdom generally focus on the use of hot drinks, strong drinks, and tobacco rather than on the misuse or overuse of meat. The same is true of more official records and statements. In a noteworthy exception, , in an 1842 discourse on the Word of Wisdom, urged the Saints in to “attend to” the revelation’s instructions regarding the use of meat and to be “sparing of the life of animals.”Portions of this revelation reflect material in earlier JS revelations. Sometime around August 1830, a revelation on the emblems used in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper prohibited the members of the Church of Christ from purchasing wine and “strong drink” from their enemies and enjoined them not to partake of any such drink “except it is made new among you.” Another revelation, as well as the Book of Mormon, endorsed the use of herbs and other plants for treating the sick, and a 7 August 1831 revelation noted that animals, plants, and “all things which cometh of the earth in the season thereof is made for the benefit & the use of man . . . to be used with judgement not to excess neither by extortion.” Still another revelation similarly observed that “the beasts of the field & the fowls of the air & that which cometh of the Earth is ordained for the use of man for food & for raiment & that he might have in abundance” and at the same time condemned anyone “that shedeth blood or that wasteth flesh & hath no need.” This warning against wasting resources and food, especially meat, echoed JS’s revision of Genesis 9:5 in which God tells Noah that “blood shall not be shed only for meat to save your lives and the blood of every beast will I require at your hands.”The revelation makes no mention of an official penalty for disobeying its counsel, an issue that first presented itself to leaders on 12 February 1834, when a “Bro Rich”—probably —was “called in question for transgressing the word of wisdom.” A of church leaders and other men to the forgave Rich “upon his promiseing to do better and reform his life.” The issue arose again eight days later—this time before the newly organized Kirtland —following a meeting that had been held in in which “some of the members of that Church refused to partak[e] of the sacrament because the Elder administering it did not observe the words of wisdom to obey them.” Rather than addressing the Pennsylvanians’ refusal, the Kirtland high council deliberated on the more fundamental issue of “whether disobedience to the word of wisdom was a transgression sufficient to deprive an official member from holding an office in the church, after haveing it sufficiently taught him.” The official decision, presented by JS and sanctioned by the council, was that “no official member in this church is worthy to hold an office after haveing the word of wisdom properly taught to him, and he, the official member, neglecting to comply with, or obey them.”The council’s decision was eventually published in the Messenger and Advocate and appears to have been the basis for several policies and judgments made in and . Records indicate that more severe actions, including excommunication, could be taken during this time when the violation of the principles taught in the revelation seemed particularly egregious or was part of a larger pattern of disobedience. Similarly, resolutions calling for the excommunication of church members who used “ardent spirits as a beverage” or who were “in the habit of drinking ardent spirits” were passed in various places in the early 1840s. At the same time, however, records from the period also indicate willingness on the part of church leaders and others to deal gently with those who were not obeying the revelation in the strictest sense and to give them time and reasons for reformation. Fearful that many church members were “following their old traditions,” for example, promised health, vigor, strength, and wisdom to those who kept the Word of Wisdom. An editorial in the Times and Seasons counseled those who frequented “public places, where poison is dealt to the unwary” to be more actively engaged in the ministry to which they had been called, while those who used “tobacco and other intoxicating nauseates” were reminded that such substances “destroy the influence of the Holy Spirit.” Though disobedience to the Word of Wisdom was occasionally grounds for losing one’s office during the years, twenty-two men who apparently struggled to keep all of its provisions were ordained elders on 10 April 1843. Missionaries, similarly, were promised blessings if they kept the Word of Wisdom rather than being threatened with losing their if they did not.The copy of the revelation featured here is the private copy made by . Several pieces of textual evidence, including the lack of clarifying and elaborating phrases that occur in other early copies, suggest that it may best represent the earliest version of the revelation. In the following transcript, significant textual differences are noted between this copy and the copy made by in Revelation Book 2 in , which was probably the earliest copy made in an official church record. All other early versions of this revelation closely follow the wording of Revelation Book 2.
Footnotes
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1
Young did not attend the School of the Prophets when this revelation was recorded but stated he received his information from those there. According to Young, tobacco juice was often “spit all over the floor” of the room in which the school met, and “the smoke was so dense you could hardly see across the room.” (Brigham Young, Discourse, 8 Feb. 1868, in George D. Watt, Discourse Shorthand Notes, 8 Feb. 1868, Pitman Shorthand Transcriptions, CHL; see also Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 8 Feb. 1868, 12:158.)
Pitman Shorthand Transcriptions, 1998–2013. CHL.
Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–1886.
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2
In one account, Coltrin reported that twenty-one men were in attendance; in another, twenty-two. (School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, 3 Oct. 1883; School of the Prophets Saint George Records, 23 Dec. 1883.)
School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, Apr.–Dec. 1883. CHL.
School of the Prophets Saint George Records, 1883, 1885. CHL.
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3
Johnson, Notebook, [1].
Johnson, Joel H. Notebook, not before 1879. Joel Hills Johnson, Papers, ca. 1835–1882. CHL. MS 1546, fd. 7.
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4
By 1830, the annual consumption of distilled liquor alone in the United States was over five gallons per capita. (Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 8.)
Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
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5
Peterson, “Word of Wisdom,” 7–8; see also “Temperance,” Painesville (OH) Telegraph, 22 Nov. 1832, [2]. Among the Christian reformers adopting a strong stance against the immoderate use of alcohol was Alexander Campbell, several of whose associates converted to Mormonism. (“Four Great Sources of Health,” Millennial Harbinger, 7 June 1830, 279–280.)
Peterson, Paul H. “An Historical Analysis of the Word of Wisdom.” Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1972.
Painesville Telegraph. Painesville, OH. 1822–1986.
Millennial Harbinger. Bethany, VA. Jan. 1830–Dec. 1870.
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6
Crary, Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences, 25.
Crary, Christopher G. Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences. Marshalltown, IA: Marshall Printing Co., 1893.
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7
Crary, Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences, 25, 68. Based on an account book in his possession from the Kirtland distillery, Christopher Crary reported that the Kirtland distillery virtually closed on 1 February 1833—approximately four weeks before JS dictated this 27 February 1833 revelation—with a small volume of business being transacted “two or three months later.” At some point, according to Crary, the Kirtland Temperance Society purchased the distillery “under agreement that it should never again be used as a distillery.” (Crary, Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences, 24–25.)
Crary, Christopher G. Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences. Marshalltown, IA: Marshall Printing Co., 1893.
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8
Crary, Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences, 25.
Crary, Christopher G. Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences. Marshalltown, IA: Marshall Printing Co., 1893.
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9
See, for example, “Four Great Sources of Health,” Millennial Harbinger, 7 June 1830, 279–280; “Dietetic Maxims,” Millennial Harbinger, 5 Dec. 1831, 560–561; “Tobacco,” Millennial Harbinger, 7 June 1830, 281–283; “M’Allister’s Dissertation on Tobacco,” Journal of Health (Philadelphia), 14 July 1830, 329–331; Editorial, Journal of Health, 9 Dec. 1829, 97–100; and Paris, Treatise on Diet, 81–104; see also Bush, “Word of Wisdom,” 165–172.
Millennial Harbinger. Bethany, VA. Jan. 1830–Dec. 1870.
Journal of Health. Philadelphia. 1829–1833.
Paris, J. A. A Treatise on Diet: With a View to Establish, on Practical Grounds, a System of Rules for the Prevention and Cure of the Diseases Incident to a Disordered State of the Digestive Function. Philadelphia: Robert H. Small, 1826.
Bush, Lester E. “The Word of Wisdom in Early Nineteenth-Century Perspective.” In The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture, edited by Dan Vogel, 161–185. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990.
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10
Letter to Noah C. Saxton, 4 Jan. 1833; Letter to Noah C. Saxton, 12 Feb. 1833. For examples of articles on temperance, see the recurring “Temperance Department” reports in the American Revivalist, and Rochester (NY) Observer for 1833.
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11
Gilbert, Notebook, [113]–[115]; see Wilford Woodruff’s personal copy of the Book of Commandments at CHL. Lewis Abbott, who was living in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1833, also made a copy of the revelation, although it is unclear when he did so. (Revelation, 27 Feb. 1833, in Abbott Family Collection, CHL [D&C 89].)
Gilbert, Algernon Sidney. Notebook of Revelations, 1831–ca. 1833. Revelations Collection, 1831–ca. 1844, 1847, 1861, ca. 1876. CHL. MS 4583, box 1, fd. 2.
Abbott Family Collection, 1831–2000. CHL. MS 23457.
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12
Verily, Thus Saith the Lord unto You, Who Have Assembled Yourselves Together, [Kirtland, OH: ca. Jan. 1834], copy at BYU [D&C 88–89]; Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography, 1:43–44.
Verily, thus saith the Lord unto you, who have assembled yourselves together [D&C 88–89]. [Kirtland, OH: ca. Jan. 1834]. Copy at BYU.
Crawley, Peter. A Descriptive Bibliography of the Mormon Church. 3 vols. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1997–2012.
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13
Minutes, 12 Feb. 1834; Minutes, 20 Feb. 1834; “The Minutes of the Conference in Maine,” The Evening and the Morning Star, Aug. 1834, 181; John F. Boynton, Bolton, NY, 31 Aug. 1834, Letter to the Editor, The Evening and the Morning Star, Sept. 1834, 191–192.
The Evening and the Morning Star. Independence, MO, June 1832–July 1833; Kirtland, OH, Dec. 1833–Sept. 1834.
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14
Howe, Mormonism Unvailed, 227–229.
Howe, Eber D. Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of That Singular Imposition and Delusion, from Its Rise to the Present Time. With Sketches of the Characters of Its Propagators, and a Full Detail of the Manner in Which the Famous Golden Bible Was Brought before the World. To Which Are Added, Inquiries into the Probability That the Historical Part of the Said Bible Was Written by One Solomon Spalding, More Than Twenty Years Ago, and by Him Intended to Have Been Published as a Romance. Painesville, OH: By the author, 1834.
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15
Johnson, Notebook, [1]. Hyrum Smith made the same point nine years later in Nauvoo; in 1870, Brigham Young also identified the “hot drinks” mentioned in the revelation as tea and coffee. (“The Word of Wisdom,” Times and Seasons, 1 June 1842, 3:800; Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 30 Oct. 1870, 13:277.)
Johnson, Joel H. Notebook, not before 1879. Joel Hills Johnson, Papers, ca. 1835–1882. CHL. MS 1546, fd. 7.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–1886.
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16
The earliest manuscript versions are the copy made by Oliver Cowdery in Revelation Book 1, pp. 167–168; the copy made by Frederick G. Williams in Revelation Book 2, pp. 49–51; the copy made by Sidney Gilbert in his Notebook of Revelations, [113]–[115] (featured here); Wilford Woodruff’s handwritten copy inscribed in his personal copy of the Book of Commandments, CHL; and the undated copy by Lewis Abbott in Abbott Family Collection, CHL. The possible exception is Gilbert’s copy, which has a long dash at the end of the opening statement (that is, after “can be called Saints”), separating it from the rest of the revelation.
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17
In October 1883, Coltrin reported that those present in the School of the Prophets when JS first read the revelation “immediately threw their tobacco and pipes into the fire” and that while “those who gave up using tobacco eased off on licorice root, . . . there was no easing off on Tea and Coffee; these they had to give up straight.” Discussing the same topic a few months later in 1883, Coltrin reported that members of the school “all laid aside their pipes and use of tobacco” and that he had “never used it since.” Johnson, who was present when the revelation was first presented and who “had used Tobbacco smoke and chew 15 years and always used strong drink Tea and Coffe[e] . . . laid them all aside” after hearing the revelation. Tanner similarly “discarded the use of tea coffee and spirituous liquors” after hearing about the revelation in New York in late 1833 or early 1834. (School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, 3 and 11 Oct. 1883; School of the Prophets Saint George Records, 23 Dec. 1883; Johnson, Notebook, [1]; Tanner, Autobiography, [1].)
School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, Apr.–Dec. 1883. CHL.
School of the Prophets Saint George Records, 1883, 1885. CHL.
Johnson, Joel H. Notebook, not before 1879. Joel Hills Johnson, Papers, ca. 1835–1882. CHL. MS 1546, fd. 7.
Tanner, Nathan. Autobiography, ca. 1854. BYU.
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18
George A. Smith, Autobiography, 10.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
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19
William W. Phelps, Kirtland, OH, to Sally Waterman Phelps, 26 May 1835, William W. Phelps, Papers, BYU.
Phelps, William W. Papers, 1835–1865. BYU.
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20
At least one non-Mormon physician of the time, Andrew Combe, who generally opposed drinking alcohol, acknowledged alcohol’s medicinal value. (Combe, Physiology of Digestion, 280, 285–286.)
Combe, Andrew. The Physiology of Digestion Considered with Relation to the Principles of Dietetics. New York: Howe and Bates, 1836.
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21
George A. Smith, Autobiography, 31.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
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22
Woodruff, Journal, 4 Dec. 1836. The two exceptions Rigdon allowed were “wine at the Sacraments” and “external Washing.”
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
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23
Oliver Cowdery, for example, justified his drinking tea three times a day during the winter of 1837–1838 on grounds that he was sick. Leaving Nauvoo, Illinois, in ill health in the fall of 1839, Brigham Young and others availed themselves of tea and “tonic bitters,” which church members had prepared for them because of their sickness. While it is unclear how closely JS intended Nauvoo city ordinances to correspond to his understanding of church standards, it may be significant that as a city councilman he voted for an ordinance prohibiting the sale of liquor “in a less quantity than a quart . . . excepting on the recommendation of a Physician duly accredited, in Writing.” (Minute Book 2, 26 Jan. 1838; Historian’s Office, Brigham Young History Drafts, 27; Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 15 Feb. 1841, 8.)
Historian’s Office. Brigham Young History Drafts, 1856–1858. CHL. CR 100 475, box 1, fd. 5.
Nauvoo City Council Minute Book / Nauvoo City Council. “A Record of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo Handcock County, State of Illinois, Commencing A.D. 1841,” ca. 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3435.
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24
Kirtland Camp, Journal, 13 Mar. 1838.
Kirtland Camp. Journal, Mar.–Oct. 1838. CHL. MS 4952.
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25
Kirtland Camp, Journal, 17 Mar. 1838. On at least two occasions, leaders of the Kirtland Camp reprimanded camp members for disobeying the Word of Wisdom. Two members of the camp, George W. Brooks and his wife, Eliza Ann Clayton Brooks, were expelled from the camp at least in part because of Eliza’s unwillingness to obey the Word of Wisdom. (Kirtland Camp, Journal, 16 Aug. 1838.)
Kirtland Camp. Journal, Mar.–Oct. 1838. CHL. MS 4952.
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26
Helen Mar Kimball Whitney, “Scenes in Nauvoo,” Woman’s Exponent, 15 July 1881, 10:26. According to Whitney, this event was “the commencement of their [the Mormons’] using tea and coffee; previous to this the Saints had been strict in keeping the Word of Wisdom.”
Woman’s Exponent. Salt Lake City. 1872–1914.
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27
Taylor, “Martyrdom of Joseph Smith,” 47–48; Richards, Journal, 27 June 1844.
Taylor, John. “The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith.” In A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846–1847, by Daniel Tyler, 10–64. [Salt Lake City]: No publisher, 1881.
Richards, Willard. Journals, 1836–1853. Willard Richards, Papers, 1821–1854. CHL. MS 1490, boxes 1–2.
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28
See, for example, Murdock, Autobiography, 34; see also Woodruff, Journal, 4 Dec. 1836.
Murdock, John. Autobiography, ca. 1859–1867. John Murdock, Journal and Autobiography, ca. 1830–1867. CHL. MS 1194, fd. 4.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
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29
“Sacrament,” in Oxford English Dictionary, 9:13.
Oxford English Dictionary. Compact ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
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30
See, for example, School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, 3 Oct. 1883; and JS, Journal, 14 and 20 Jan. 1836; 30 Mar. 1836.
School of the Prophets Salt Lake City Minutes, Apr.–Dec. 1883. CHL.
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31
During the Nauvoo period, other church leaders appear to have shared JS’s views on drinking these beverages. In a meeting of the Quorum of the Twelve and high priests on 7 November 1841, Brigham Young stated that he would not be violating the Word of Wisdom if he went home and drank a cup of tea. All present, according to Wilford Woodruff, “concluded that it was wisdom to deal with all such matters according to the wisdom which God gave” and that a “forced abstainance” was akin to bondage. (Woodruff, Journal, 7 Nov. 1841.)
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
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32
JS, Journal, 11 Mar. 1843; JS, Journal, 3 May 1843 and 1 June 1844.
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33
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 3 May 1844.
Council of Fifty. “Record of the Council of Fifty or Kingdom of God,” Mar. 1844–Jan. 1846. CHL.
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34
At the time, the typical adult in the United States consumed over a pound of meat per day. (Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 113.)
Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
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35
“The Word of Wisdom,” Times and Seasons, 1 June 1842, 3:801. The fact that only Hyrum spoke on this aspect of the Word of Wisdom may make his statement an even greater outlier as he seems to have been uniquely zealous in preaching on the Word of Wisdom. Reflecting two decades later on Hyrum Smith’s preaching about the Word of Wisdom in 1842, the same time this article reporting Hyrum’s discourse had been published, Brigham Young intimated as much: “I have known him to talk an hour half to two hours on the Word of Wisdom I didn't see any particular utility in it.” (Brigham Young, Discourse, 8 Oct. 1866, in George D. Watt, Discourse Shorthand Notes, 8 Oct. 1866, Pitman Shorthand Transcriptions, CHL.)
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
Pitman Shorthand Transcriptions, 1998–2013. CHL.
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36
Revelation, ca. Aug. 1830 [D&C 27:3–4].
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37
Revelation, 9 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:43]; Book of Mormon, 1830 ed., 353 [Alma 46:40]; Revelation, 7 Aug. 1831 [D&C 59:18, 20].
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38
Revelation, 7 May 1831 [D&C 49:19, 21].
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39
Old Testament Revision 1, p. 24 [Genesis 9:5]. JS revised Genesis 9:5 probably between 1 February and 7 March 1831. (Faulring et al., Joseph Smith’s New Translation of the Bible, 64.)
Faulring, Scott H., Kent P. Jackson, and Robert J. Matthews, eds. Joseph Smith’s New Translation of the Bible: Original Manuscripts. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2004.
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41
Minutes, 20 Feb. 1834. A meeting of the Missouri high council and others passed a similar resolution some time later, stating that they would “not fellowship any ordained member who will or does not observe the word of Wisdom according to its litteral reading.” (Minute Book 2, p. 71, underlining in original.)
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42
“To the Churches of Latter Day Saints,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, Nov. 1836, 3:412.
Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.
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See, for example, Record of Seventies, bk. A, 30 July 1837, 31–32; Kirtland Elders Quorum, “Record,” 29 Oct. 1837; and Minute Book 2, 26 Jan. 1838.
Record of Seventies / First Council of the Seventy. “Book of Records,” 1837–1843. Bk. A. In First Council of the Seventy, Records, 1837–1885. CHL. CR 3 51, box 1, fd. 1.
Kirtland Elders Quorum. “A Record of the First Quorurum of Elders Belonging to the Church of Christ: In Kirtland Geauga Co. Ohio,” 1836–1838, 1840–1841. CCLA.
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On 4 March 1834, for example, Charles Avery was disfellowshipped because “he wa[l]ked disorderly & made too free a use of strong drink.” Other examples include Jenkins Salisbury, who was excommunicated for “strong propensity to . . . drinking strong liquor” among other, possibly more serious, charges; Chester L. Heath and Milo Hays, who were excommunicated for breaking covenants and disobeying the Word of Wisdom; and Lyman Johnson, whose excommunication was based in part on disobedience to the Word of Wisdom. (Murdock, Journal, 4 Mar. 1834; Minute Book 1, 6–7 June 1835 and 16 May 1836; Minutes, LDS Messenger and Advocate, Apr. 1835, 1:101–102; Minute Book 2, 13 Apr. 1838.)
Murdock, John. Journal, ca. 1830–1859. John Murdock, Journal and Autobiography, ca. 1830–1867. CHL. MS 1194, fd. 2.
Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.
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Minutes, Times and Seasons, 1 July 1841, 2:464; “Conference Minutes,” Times and Seasons, 15 Sept. 1841, 2:548.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
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“The Word of Wisdom,” Times and Seasons, 1 June 1842, 3:799.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
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“Help! Help!!,” Times and Seasons, Feb. 1840, 1:58.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
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According to the rough draft notes of JS’s history, the men were ordained “with this express injunction, that they quit the use of tobacco and keep the Word of Wisdom.” (Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, 10 Apr. 1843.)
Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Draft Notes, ca. 1839–1856. CHL. CR 100 92.
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“Elder’s Conference,” Times and Seasons, 1 Apr. 1843, 4:159; “Conference Minutes and Re-organization,” Times and Seasons, 1 Sept. 1843, 4:316.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
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